Chapter-1 : Weathering & Erosion

 As I proposed yesterday, the purpose of this blog, is mainly to describe and develop geology related issues, mostly valid for under graduate course in India in various colleges, today I post the first chapter on "Physical Geology". 

Subject : Physical Geology 

Chapter -1 

Weathering and Erosion (Enduring and Disintegration)

1.1 Prologue to Enduring and Disintegration

Enduring and disintegration are two principal processes that shape the World's surface. They are answerable for the continuous breakdown and transport of rocks, minerals, and soil starting with one area then onto the next. Enduring alludes to the physical, substance, and organic cycles that separate rocks into more modest particles, while disintegration includes the development and statement of these particles by regular specialists like breeze, water, ice, and gravity. In this part, we will investigate the components, types, and impacts of enduring and disintegration.

 

1.2 Enduring (Weathering)

1.2.1 Physical Enduring (Erosion)

Physical enduring, otherwise called mechanical enduring, is the deterioration of rocks into more modest sections without changing their compound structure. A few cycles add to physical enduring, including ice wedging, warm extension and withdrawal, scraped spot, and natural action. Ice wedging happens when water saturates breaks in rocks, freezes, and extends, making the stone fall to pieces. Warm development and withdrawal result from the continued warming and cooling of rocks, prompting their breaking and discontinuity. Scraped spot is the cycle by which shakes and residue are worn out by the effect of particles conveyed by wind, water, or ice. Natural action, for example, the development of plant establishes in rock fissure, additionally adds to physical enduring by applying strain on rocks.

 

1.2.2 Compound Enduring (Erosion)

Compound enduring includes the adjustment of rock minerals through substance responses. It happens when minerals in rocks respond with water, gases, or different substances present in the climate. The most well-known sorts of substance enduring cycles are hydrolysis, oxidation, carbonation, and arrangement. Hydrolysis happens when water artificially responds with minerals, separating them and shaping new substances. Oxidation is the response among minerals and oxygen, bringing about the breakdown and staining of rocks. Carbonation is the cycle by which carbon dioxide in the air breaks down in water to frame carbonation corrosive, which responds with minerals like limestone, prompting their disintegration. Arrangement is the slow dissolving of minerals in water, especially on account of solvent minerals like halite.

 

1.2.3 Organic Enduring (Erosion)

Natural enduring alludes to the breakdown of rocks by living creatures. Plants, creatures, and microorganisms can add to the breaking down of rocks through different systems. For example, plant roots can develop into breaks in rocks, applying tension and making them fall to pieces. Tunneling creatures, like rodents, can upset rock layers, presenting them to additionally enduring. A few microorganisms, including microscopic organisms and growths, produce synthetics that speed up the compound breakdown of rocks.

 

1.3 Disintegration (Erosion)

1.3.1 Water Disintegration

Water disintegration happens while streaming water, like streams, streams, and sea ebbs and flows, transports dregs and soil starting with one spot then onto the next. The power of moving water can oust and divert free particles, continuously wearing out rock surfaces. Water disintegration can take various structures, including sheet disintegration, brook disintegration, and crevasse disintegration. Sheet disintegration happens when water streams uniformly over an enormous region, eliminating a dainty layer of soil. Rivulet disintegration happens when little channels are shaped on the outer layer of the dirt because of the concentrated progression of water. Chasm disintegration includes the arrangement of more profound and more extensive channels that can altogether modify the scene.

 

1.3.2 Breeze Disintegration (Wind Erosion)

Wind disintegration is the cycle by which wind conveys and transports free particles, like sand and residue, across the World's surface. It is most pervasive in parched and semi-bone-dry areas where there is restricted vegetation to settle the dirt. Wind disintegration can bring about the arrangement of sand hills and the expulsion of ripe dirt. The strength and heading of the breeze, as well as the size and attachment of the particles, impact the force of wind disintegration.

 

1.3.3 Frigid Disintegration (Glacier Erosion)

Frigid disintegration happens when glacial masses, enormous collections of ice, get across the land, chiseling the scene and moving flotsam and jetsam. As icy masses advance, they scratch and pluck shakes and residue starting from the earliest stage, behind particular land forms like cirques, valleys, and fjords. The development of icy masses can likewise make notches and scratches on the bedrock, known as cold striations.

 

1.3.4 Gravity Disintegration

Gravity disintegration, otherwise called mass squandering, alludes to the descending development of rocks and soil affected by gravity. It happens on inclines and can be set off by elements like weighty precipitation, seismic tremors, and human exercises. Various sorts of mass squandering incorporate avalanches, rock-falls, and droops. Avalanches include the fast development of a lot of rock and soil down an incline, while rock-falls happen when individual rocks separate from a precipice face and tumble to the ground. Droops are portrayed by the rotational development of a mass of rock or soil along a bend surface.

 

1.4 Impacts of Enduring and Disintegration

Enduring and disintegration assume critical parts in molding the World's surface and making an assortment of land forms. Over the long haul, these cycles add to the development of valleys, gorge, caverns, deltas, and beach front precipices. They likewise help in the breakdown of rocks into silt, which can then be shipped and saved in new areas. The testimony of residue can bring about the development of fruitful soil, fundamental for farming. Notwithstanding, enduring and disintegration can likewise make negative impacts, for example, the deficiency of dirt, which can prompt diminished farming efficiency and expanded sedimentation in streams and lakes.

 

1.5 Conclusion

Enduring and disintegration are normal cycles that consistently shape and adjust the World's surface. Physical, substance, and organic enduring continuously separate rocks, while the powers of wind, water, ice, and gravity transport and rearrange the subsequent dregs. Understanding these cycles is significant for concentrating on the arrangement of land forms, the dispersion of normal assets, and the effects of human exercises on the climate. By perceiving the significance of enduring and disintegration, we can make progress toward feasible land the executives rehearses and limit the adverse results of these cycles.

The Oldest Cult in India: A Deep Dive into Its History and Practices

 

The Oldest Cult in India: A Deep Dive into Its History and Practices
Introduction India is a land of diversity, and its religious and cultural heritage is one of the oldest in the world. One such ancient and mysterious cult in India is the Aghori cult, which has been shrouded in secrecy for centuries. The Aghoris are said to be one of the oldest and most extreme sects of Sadhus who are known for their unconventional and taboo practices. In this essay, we will delve into the history and practices of the Aghoris sect.

Historical Background and Timeline: The Aghori cult originated in India approximately 1000 years ago. It is believed that the founder of this cult was Baba Kina Ram, who is regarded as the first Aghori guru. The Aghoris are a part of the Shaiva cult, which worships Lord Shiva.
The Aghoris have a very interesting timeline, which is as follows:

1000 years ago: Baba Kina Ram founded the Aghori cult.
1300 AD: Baba Keenaram’s disciple, Baba Siddhartha Gautama, popularly called as Baba Kinaram II, who was a great Aghori saint and Guru, took the message of Aghor to the world.
1400 AD: Pingaleshwar Baba, who was the direct disciple of Baba Kinaram II played a prominent role in establishing the Aghori cult in Haridwar.
1500 AD: Baba Sobhnath, who was the disciple of Pingaleshwar Baba, took the message of Aghor principles to the valley of Kashmir.
1700 AD: Aghoris were known to frequent Varanasi and Haridwar as they were considered the ideal place for the practice of their rituals and traditions.

The Aghoris are known for their unconventional and, in some cases, taboo practices. They believe that everything is God, and God is in everything, including the most impure. Hence they often engage in practices which otherwise may seem unclean and unacceptable in the mainstream society. Some of their practices include:

Practices of the Aghoris
Consumption of human flesh and remains- Aghoris believe that consuming human flesh can help them overcome their fear of death.
Smoking Marijuana- Marijuana helps Aghoris to reach a trance-like state of mind and hence is considered an important part of their rituals.
Sleeping on corpses- The Aghoris believe that sleeping on a corpse or near a cremation site can bring them closer to God.
Covering themselves in ashes- Aghoris often cover themselves in the ashes of cremated bodies as they believe it gives them spiritual powers.

Conclusion The Aghoris have a fascinating yet terrifying history. Although the practices of the Aghoris may seem bizarre and even taboo to the rest of the world, they believe it is a way of achieving spiritual enlightenment. As India continues to modernize, the Aghoris may become even more secretive, but their cult will continue to fascinate many who seek to understand it.

How in Mahabharat, Sun Came Down to Kunti without sustaining any Damage to Planet Earth?

Possible explanations for in-destroyed Earth after Sun God's visit

From the Epic we all know, the son of Sun God through princess Kunti was a test of boon given to Kunti by Sage Durvasha. It was a shear childish inquisitiveness on part of Kunti undoubtedly. In comparison, the Sun God, is much a mature and noble deity of Hinduism, having knowledge and wisdom impeccable.So the obvious question arises, how He could reach to Kunti, without reaching any damage to our mother planet ? I tried my best to understand the incidence, but I am confident, there could be more explanations.

• Scientific theories that explain the phenomenon

The Mahabharata, one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, has many accounts of miraculous events. One such event is when the sun came down to Kunti, the mother of the Pandavas, without causing any damage to the Earth. This event has puzzled scientists and scholars for centuries. In this essay, we will explore some scientific theories that explain this phenomenon.

Solar Eclipse
Some scholars believe that the phenomenon of the sun coming down to Kunti was actually a solar eclipse. A solar eclipse occurs when the moon moves between the sun and the Earth, causing the sun to be obscured. During a total solar eclipse, the sun's corona is visible as a halo around the moon. This could explain how the sun appeared to come down to Kunti without causing any damage to the Earth.

Total Solar Eclipse
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of the Earth. This alignment causes the sun's corona to be visible as a halo around the moon. This halo could have been mistaken for the sun appearing to come down to Kunti.

Partial Solar Eclipse
A partial solar eclipse happens when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth but the Sun, Moon, and Earth are not perfectly lined up. During a partial solar eclipse, the sun appears as a crescent shape. This could explain how the sun appeared to come down to Kunti without causing any damage to the Earth.

 Atmospheric Refraction
Another scientific theory that explains the sun coming down to Kunti is atmospheric refraction. Atmospheric refraction is the bending of light as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere. This bending can cause objects to appear in unusual positions.

Mirage Effect
The mirage effect is a type of atmospheric refraction. It occurs when the density of the atmosphere changes abruptly, creating different layers. These layers can cause the bending of light, creating the appearance of an object in an unusual position. This mirage effect could explain how the sun appeared to come down to Kunti without causing any damage to the Earth.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the phenomenon of the sun coming down to Kunti in the Mahabharata has puzzled scientists and scholars for centuries. However, there are scientific theories that explain this phenomenon. One theory is that it was a solar eclipse, while another theory is atmospheric refraction. Whether it was a solar eclipse or atmospheric refraction, the event is a testament to the ancient knowledge and wisdom contained in the Mahabharata.

Further Exploration
Further exploration of the phenomenon of the sun coming down to Kunti could include studying ancient Indian texts and examining astronomical data from the time of the Mahabharata. By using modern scientific methods and tools, we can gain a greater understanding of these ancient events and the knowledge contained within them.

• Theological explanations that justify the story

Divine Intervention - In Hindu Mythology, it is believed that God has the power to change the course of nature. In the case of Mahabharata, it is possible that Lord Krishna, being a deity, brought the sun down to Kunti using his divine power. This can be further strengthened by the fact that Lord Krishna was a close relative of Kunti.
Scientific Explanation - Ancient scriptures mentioned the concept of Vimanas, which were flying chariots powered by the sun's energy. It is possible that Kunti had access to one of these Vimanas and used it to bring the sun down to her. This explains how the sun came down without damaging the earth, as the Vimanas were designed to be non-destructive.
Symbolic Meaning - In the ancient scriptures, the sun represented power and knowledge.

Therefore, the story of the sun coming down to Kunti could be interpreted as a metaphorical representation of the acquisition of power and knowledge. This would mean that Kunti gained power and knowledge without causing any harm or destruction to the earth.

Sub-Points

In Hinduism, deities are often represented as being superhuman, and they have the power to control natural elements such as the sun, wind, and water.
The concept of Vimanas is mentioned in various ancient texts, and some people believe that Vimanas were actually flying spaceships. This theory is, however, a matter of debate among scholars.
Symbolism is an important aspect of Hindu mythology, and many stories have hidden meanings that can be interpreted in different ways.

Conclusion

The story of the sun coming down to Kunti in Mahabharata might seem impossible to some people, but there are theological explanations that justify this incident. It could be due to divine intervention, the use of advanced technology such as Vimanas, or simply a symbolic representation of the acquisition of power and knowledge. Regardless of the explanation, this story remains an important part of Hindu mythology and highlights the power of imagination and symbolism.

 The impact of the story

• Influence on Indian culture and traditions

The Indian epic Mahabharat contains several fascinating stories, one of which is about the Sun coming down to Kunti without causing any damage to the Earth. This narrative has had a significant impact on Indian culture and traditions and continues to be a topic of discussion and interpretation across generations.
The Story of the Sun Coming Down to Kunti

According to the Mahabharat, Kunti was the mother of five Pandavas - Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva. However, before she was married, Kunti had been given a boon by Sage Durvasa, which allowed her to summon any deity and bear a child with them. Curious, Kunti invoked the Sun God and bore a son, Karna.

When Karna was born, Kunti was still unmarried and could not raise him. She placed him in a basket and sent him down the river, hoping that someone would find him and give him a good life. He was eventually found by a charioteer and raised as a warrior.

Years later, during the Kurukshetra war, Karna was mortally wounded. As he lay dying, he asked Kunti to reveal her true identity as his mother. Kunti revealed the truth, and Karna expressed his regret for fighting against his own brothers.

Filled with grief, Kunti called upon Suryadev, the Sun God, to come down and see his son. Much to everyone's surprise, the Sun God appeared before Kunti. When he came down, the heat emanating from him threatened to destroy everything in his path. But, miraculously, the Earth remained unharmed, and the Sun God stood before Kunti and Karna. The reunion between mother and son was an emotional moment, and the epic's narrative has inspired many over the years.
Influence on Indian Culture and Traditions

The story of the Sun coming down to Kunti has had a significant impact on Indian culture and traditions. For one, it highlights the importance of a mother-son relationship and the significance of recognizing one's true identity. It also emphasizes how boons and curses can impact one's life and fate, and how we need to be mindful of our actions.

The narrative has given rise to various interpretations and has become a scriptural text that many consider sacred. The tale has been retold and reimagined through various forms of Indian art, including literature, dance, music, and theatre. The story has also been used as an allegory to understand the deeper meaning of life and the universe.

In conclusion, the story of the Sun coming down to Kunti without damaging the Earth in Mahabharat is a fascinating tale that has become an integral part of Indian culture and traditions. The narrative highlights the importance of mother-son relationships, the significance of recognizing one's true identity, and the power of boons and curses. The story continues to inspire and educate people across generations, and its impact on Indian culture is indisputable.
Main points:

Kunti summons Sun God and bears a son, Karna
Karna is raised by a charioteer and fights against his brothers in the Kurukshetra war
Karna asks Kunti to reveal her true identity as his mother while dying
Kunti calls upon Sun God to see his son, and he appears before her without harming the Earth
The story highlights the importance of a mother-son relationship and recognizing one's true identity
It has become an integral part of Indian culture, inspiring various forms of art and used as an allegory to understand the deeper meaning of life and the universe.

• Relevance of the incidence in modern times

In the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata, there is a fascinating tale of how Kunti, the mother of the Pandavas, called upon the Sun God to have a child. The story goes that the Sun God granted her wish but also appeared before her in person. This raises the question of how the Sun God came down to Earth without causing any damage or harm. This tale has relevance even in modern times, as it teaches us to be curious about the unknown and to explore ways of making seemingly impossible things possible.
The Tale of Kunti and the Sun God

The story of Kunti and the Sun God begins with Kunti being given a boon by the sage Durvasa. The boon was that Kunti could call upon any deity she wished to have a child with. Curious about the power of this boon, Kunti decided to test it out and called upon Surya, the Sun God. Surya appeared before her and granted her wish, but also appeared in person.

Kunti was surprised and ashamed that the Sun God had appeared before her in person. However, she quickly regained her composure and asked the Sun God to leave before any harm could come to Earth. Surya then used his powers to come down to Earth without causing any harm or damage. He appeared before Kunti in his true form and blessed her with a son who would later become the great warrior Karna.

Relevance in Modern Times

The tale of Kunti and the Sun God has relevance in modern times, in that it teaches us to be curious about the unknown and to explore ways of making seemingly impossible things possible. Just like Kunti was curious about the power of the boon given to her by the sage Durvasa, we too must be curious about the unknown and explore the possibilities around us.

Moreover, the story also teaches us to be respectful and mindful of nature. Kunti was quick to ask the Sun God to leave before any harm could come to Earth. This shows that we must be respectful of nature and take measures to protect it. Even in the face of seemingly insurmountable challenges, we must find ways to navigate them without causing any harm to ourselves or the environment around us.

In conclusion, the tale of Kunti and the Sun God is an intriguing one that continues to fascinate people even in modern times. It teaches us to be curious about the unknown and to explore ways of making seemingly impossible things possible. Moreover, it also reminds us to be respectful and mindful of nature, even in the face of seemingly insurmountable challenges.